Preparation of therapeutic foam

ABSTRACT

A device is described for facilitating the preparation of therapeutic foam e.g. for the treatment of varicose veins. A pressurised vial contains a sclerosant liquid, e.g., polidocanol solution, and a sterile gas which is readily absorbed by the body, e.g., carbon dioxide, oxygen or a mixture of these gases. The vial is provided either with a specialised stopper/seal into which a syringe nozzle may be inserted or alternatively a septum seal which may be penetrated by a hypodermic needle. The quantities of gas and liquid and the pressure in the vial are pre-set so that, on connection of a syringe to the vial, a predetermined volume of both gas and liquid is transferred to the syringe, with the intention that the syringe is then used to make a foam by known means. The use of the vial ensures that the ratio of gas to liquid in the foam is standardised, and also provides a convenient way of packaging the gas and liquid and of filling the syringe in a sterile manner.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/470,102, filed Aug. 27, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,773,864, which isa continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/801,645, filedJun. 18, 2010, abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/919,749, filed Jan. 25, 2008, abandoned, whichis a national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of InternationalApplication No. PCT/GB2006/0017744, filed on May 12, 2006, which claimsthe benefit of priority to British Patent Application No. 0509845.4,filed May 13, 2005, the entire contents of each of which are herebyincorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to apparatus and a method for dispensingpredetermined quantities of liquid and gas into a syringe or similardevice and also to a pack containing a syringe or other vessel chargedwith liquid and gas. The invention relates especially to syringes orother vessels charged with predetermined quantities of a foamableclinical grade liquid, e.g. a sclerosant liquid for treatment ofvaricose veins, and a gas other than air.

Foam preparations of sclerosant chemicals can be very useful in thetreatment of varicose veins and other malformed vessels in the body. Theinjection of foam into varicose veins has many advantages over theinjection of sclerosant liquid; a foamed product allows a large area ofinternal vessel wall to be exposed to the active, for a given totalquantity of the active in the vein. Foam with the right characteristicsis able to displace blood from the vein, preventing dilution of thedrug, as happens with liquid.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is likely that many other medical applications for clinical foampreparations will be developed in the future, including but not limitedto the sclerosing of the internal surfaces of other vessels and cavitiesin the body.

A problem with foamed clinical preparations is the production of aconsistent, sterile product for use by a physician. A further issue isthe potential danger of injecting quantities of air into the body, sincenitrogen is highly insoluble. Extemporaneously prepared foams made withair are widely used, but work conducted by the inventors has shown thateven the smallest volumes of nitrogen, of the order of a few percent,give rise to bubbles which endure in the vascular system and arepotentially harmful. These issues are discussed at length in co-pendingapplications numbers PCT/GB04/004824, PCT/GB04/004831, PCT/GB04/004846and PCT/GB04/004848, the contents of which are incorporated herein byreference.

Many of the current extemporaneous methods of foam production rely ondrawing a small quantity of liquid into a syringe, together with a largequantity of air, and then agitating the mixture by some means to producea foam. It is possible using these techniques to produce a good qualityhomogeneous foam with microscopic bubbles (“microfoam”), but it isequally possible to produce a poor quality foam: the properties of thefoam are dependent on a number of factors including the amount of energyput into making the foam, and the ratio of gas to liquid in the syringe.

It is preferable to prepare the foam with gasses such as oxygen orcarbon dioxide, which will be absorbed by the body much more readily;this is discussed in other patents and patent applications in the nameof the applicants details of which are given above. However, there aredifficulties for a physician wishing to fill a syringe exclusively witha gas other than air. The most straightforward method would be toconnect the nozzle of the syringe to a line from a cylinder of thedesired gas, but it is difficult reliably to exclude all air/nitrogenand virtually impossible to check the purity of the gas component in thesyringe. Alternatively, one could fill a fume cupboard or similar withan appropriate gas or gas mixture and fill the syringe in the fumecupboard. However, this involves a large amount of gas being provided tofill the fume cupboard when only a very small amount of gas is necessaryto fill the syringe. Furthermore, it is still difficult to be confidentthat the contents of the fume cupboard, and therefore the gas in thefilled syringe, are exclusively the desired gas or gas mix.

The applicants are currently developing a pressurised canister productfor generating a sclerosant foam from a polidocanol solution and a gasmixture comprising oxygen and carbon dioxide or comprising substantiallypure oxygen. Considerable effort has gone into ensuring that the foamproduct is optimised in every way for the varicose vein sclerotherapyapplication for which it is intended, that the foam is sterile and thata foam of the required properties is consistently produced. The canisterproduct is designed to be very simple to operate so that a physician canconcentrate on treating the patient rather than on setting up apparatusto produce foam and ensuring the foam is of adequate quality.

It is recognised by the applicants that the canister product, whilsthaving all the advantages described above, is relatively expensive.Syringe-based systems for generating foam are less expensive and capableof producing good quality foam, provided that some essential parametersare determined sufficiently accurately, reliably and consistently andprovided that sterility can be ensured. Of these parameters, the mostimportant is ensuring that the starting mix is correct, that is to saythat the volume of liquid and volume of gas are correct and that thecomposition of the gas is correct.

An alternative known technique comprises connecting a syringe to a vialcontaining foamable liquid and air in the correct proportions, but withthe plunger of the syringe drawn back. The plunger of the syringe isthen pumped in order repeatedly to pressurise the contents of the vial.This can result in an acceptable foam being generated in the vial and/orsyringe. This method has the advantage of providing predeterminedvolumes of gas and liquid. The problem of incorporating a gas other thanair remains, however; in order for this technique to produce acceptablefoam, the vessel must be repeatedly pressurised, so simply replacing theair in the vessel with another gas will not work since the syringe wouldneed also to be filled with the same gas

The present invention provides apparatus which may be suitable for usewith both the syringe based technique and the vial based techniquedescribed above.

According to a first aspect of the present invention a vessel isprovided having sterile contents comprising in predetermined proportions(i) a foamable liquid and (ii) a gas or gas mixture other than air, thecontents being at a pressure substantially above atmospheric, the vesselhaving an outlet adapted to cooperate with a syringe nozzle, the saidoutlet having associated with it a seal or valve adapted to be broken oropened respectively by the action of inserting a syringe nozzle into theoutlet, with additional force to break or open the seal or valve.Alternatively, the seal or valve may be broken or opened by the userafter the nozzle has been inserted.

The pressure of the vessel contents is preferably 1.3 bar absolute(“bara”) or more (i.e. 1.3 times atmospheric pressure), more preferably1.5 bara or more, more preferably 1.8 bara or more, still morepreferably 2 bara or more or possibly 2.5 bara or more. The pressure ispreferably less than 10 bara, more preferably less than 5 bara and mostpreferably less than 3 bara.

The outlet preferably comprises a female luer connector. The pressurisedgas preferably consists essentially of oxygen, carbon dioxide or amixture thereof. It may include one or more of: helium, nitrous oxide,neon, argon, xenon or sulphur hexafluoride. The liquid is preferably asclerosant liquid solution, e.g. polidocanol, preferably 1% polidocanol,sodium tetradecyl sulphate, ethanolamine oleate, sodium morrhuate,hypertonic glucosated or glucosaline solutions, chromated glycerol oriodated solutions. Other sclerosing solutions will be known to theperson of average skill in the art.

In a preferred embodiment, the outlet may be formed in a fluid transferassembly which may include a frangible or detachable valve assemblywhich may be removed with the syringe after filling. The valve assemblymay function as a syringe stopper or alternatively a syringe connectorfor connecting a second syringe to the first. In the case that the valveassembly is designed to function as a syringe stopper, it need notnecessarily be frangible/detachable as will be explained in more detailbelow.

Alternatively, in a second aspect of the invention a vessel is providedhaving substantially sterile contents comprising in predeterminedproportions (i) a foamable liquid and (ii) a gas or gas mixture otherthan air, the contents being at a pressure substantially aboveatmospheric, the vessel having a resilient closure such as a rubberseptum which is piercable by a hypodermic needle or similar, and whichforms a seal around the needle when it is pierced.

In the case of the present invention where the vessel is at aboveatmospheric pressure, the resilient closure preferably has substantialthickness e.g. of 1 mm or more, preferably 2 mm or more, but less than30 mm, more preferably less than 10 mm. The reason for this is that mosthypodermic and similar needles have a bevelled end which forms thepoint. It is possible, during insertion of such a needle through a thinseptum, to create briefly a leakage path between the interior andexterior of the vessel through which gas may be exhausted from thevessel to atmosphere. This is undesirable because the pressure in thevessel would then be at an unknown level and an incorrect volume of gasmay be dispensed into the syringe. Preferably, the septum is also undera degree of radial compression, to ensure that the seal around theneedle point is made.

The needle would normally be inserted to the bottom of the vessel,whilst the syringe plunger is held in manually. The vessel would be heldupright, i.e. with the septum uppermost, and the syringe plungerreleased. Gas pressure in the vessel would force the liquid up theneedle, and then the pressure would equalise, in the process forcing thesyringe plunger further back. Alternatively, the vessel could be heldupside down and the needle inserted a relatively small, butpredetermined, distance into the vessel. There would be a residualquantity of liquid remaining in the vessel after transfer of thecontents to a syringe, and the volume of liquid in the vessel to startwith would be calculated to take this into account.

In the second aspect of the invention a fluid transfer assembly mayhouse a needle for piercing the resilient seal or septum of the vessel.The assembly may comprise formations for attaching the assembly to thetop of the vessel such that the needle pierces the septum and enters thevessel to a predetermined depth. The fluid transfer assembly may alsoinclude a frangible or detachable valve assembly which may be removedwith the syringe after filling. The fluid transfer assembly may functionas a one way valve or alternatively a syringe connector for connecting asecond syringe to the first. In the case that the fluid transferassembly is designed to function as a one way valve, it need notnecessarily be frangible/detachable as will be explained in more detailbelow.

As with the first aspect of the invention discussed above, thepressurised gas preferably consists essentially of oxygen, carbondioxide or a mixture thereof. It may include one or more of: helium,nitrous oxide, neon, argon, xenon or sulphur hexafluoride. The liquid ispreferably a sclerosant liquid solution, e.g. polidocanol, preferably 1%polidocanol, sodium tetradecyl sulphate, ethanolamine oleate, sodiummorrhuate, hypertonic glucosated or glucosaline solutions, chromatedglycerol or iodated solutions. Other sclerosing solutions will be knownto the person of average skill in the art.

Also as with the first aspect of the invention, the pressure of thevessel contents is preferably 1.3 bar absolute (“bara”) or more (i.e.1.3 times atmospheric pressure), more preferably 1.5 bara or more, morepreferably 1.8 bara or more, still more preferably 2 bara or more orpossibly 2.5 bara or more. The pressure is preferably less than 10 bara,more preferably less than 5 bara and most preferably less than 3 bara.

The two principal methods for making foam using a syringe are asfollows. In the first method, the syringe is provided with an additionalplunger received telescopically within the main plunger of the syringe.This plunger is provided with one or more apertures—holes or slots—and,in use, is reciprocated within the syringe barrel to agitate thecontents and create a foam. In the second method, a second substantiallyconventional syringe is attached to the first via a connector elementwhich comprises two female luer connectors which communicate via one ormore small apertures, e.g. an aperture of 0.5 mm or so, or alternativelya porous membrane or mesh having very small apertures measured inmicrons. The contents of the syringes are then passed back and forth tocreate a foam.

It will be appreciated that the valve assembly of the fluid transferassembly may be designed such that, once removed with the syringe, itforms either a one way valve for a device of the first type or aconnector for a device of the second type. If it is to form a one wayvalve for the first type of syringe device, then the valve assembly mayalternatively remain part of the fluid transfer assembly duringgeneration of the foam.

According to the invention, a system for filling a syringe withpredetermined volumes of air and gas comprises a vessel and fluidtransfer assembly according to any of the descriptions given above,together with a syringe. The syringe may comprise a syringe barrel, mainsyringe plunger and a secondary plunger capable of reciprocal motionwithin the barrel independent of the main plunger, the second plungerhaving a plunger head provided with apertures therein. Alternatively thesystem may comprise a vessel as described above together with twosyringes.

A method according to the first aspect of the invention described abovecomprises inserting the nozzle of a syringe into the outlet of a vesselas described above so as to break a seal or open a valve, therebycausing the liquid in the vessel to flow under pressure into the syringeand the pressure of gas to equalise between the syringe and the vessel.Preferably, since the needle extends a relatively small distance intothe vessel, the method includes the initial step of ensuring that thevessel is in an inverted position with its outlet pointing downwards;thereby the liquid in the vessel is transferred to the syringe underpressure before the gas pressure equalises.

An a modification, a dip tube could be provided in the vessel in whichcase the vessel would be kept in an upright orientation during transferof its contents to a syringe.

Another definition of the method of the first aspect is the followingsequence of steps:

-   -   (a) Providing a syringe, together with a vessel containing a        foamable liquid and a gas or gas mix other than air at a        pressure substantially above atmospheric pressure, the contents        of the vessel being substantially sterile;    -   (b) Connecting the syringe to the vessel such that predetermined        masses of liquid and gas are transferred to the syringe.

A method of creating a foam in a syringe may comprise the above steps(a) and (b) followed by the steps:

-   -   (c) Removing the charged syringe from the vessel;    -   (d) Attaching a second syringe in a closed state to the first    -   (e) Pumping gas and liquid between the syringes to generate a        foam.

Another aspect of the invention is presented below, which also addressesthe problem of reliably providing a syringe filled with the correctproportions of liquid and a gas other than air.

According to this aspect, the syringe or other vessel is suppliedprepackaged, charged with the correct gas and liquid in the correctamounts. Thus, according to the present invention a sterile pack isprovided, containing a syringe charged with a sclerosant liquid solutionand a gas, wherein the gas consists essentially of carbon dioxide,oxygen, helium, nitrous oxide, xenon, neon or sulphur hexafluoride, or amixture of two or more of those, the ratio of liquid to gas being in therange 0.05 g/ml to 0.25 g/ml, preferably 0.07 g/ml to 0.2 g/ml, morepreferably 0.1 g/ml to 0.16 g/ml.

The syringe may be made from glass or another material which issubstantially impermeable to these gases. However, such materials can beexpensive/fragile/dangerous/opaque. If the syringe is made from the typeof plastics material which is standard for such applications, the shelflife of the product may be quite short since some or all of these gasestend to diffuse through such plastics.

It is preferable, especially if the syringe is to be made from theconventional type of plastics material, for the syringe and/or the packto be designed in such a way that diffusion is substantially eliminated.This may be done by treating the surface of the syringe and/or plungerhead or by making the plunger head of a material substantiallyimpermeable to these gases. Treatment may involve metallising (normallyusing aluminium) the surface or coating it with some other materialwhich is substantially impermeable to these gases. The coating—both interms of material and thickness—may depend on which gases are used inthe syringe: helium is a very small molecule which will diffuse throughmany materials whilst oxygen is much larger and therefore easier tocontain for a period long enough to constitute a reasonable shelf lifefor this sort of product.

A potential problem with treating the surface of the syringe is that itmay result in reduced, or even no, visibility for the user of thecontents of the syringe. Another solution, and the preferable one, is topackage the syringe in a pack made from material which is impermeable tothe gas or gases being used. For example the syringe may be packaged ina bag made from metallised plastics material. This type of packaging,namely metallised plastics film, is widely used for other applicationsand is therefore readily available and is inexpensive.

Gas may still diffuse out of the syringe into the space surrounding itwithin the pack. Therefore it is preferred that the syringe be vacuumpacked in the bag or, alternatively that the bag contains a gasatmosphere substantially the same as the gas or gas mixture in thesyringe.

Optionally the syringe could be both treated/coated and packaged asdescribed above as well as being packed in a vacuum or in an appropriategas atmosphere.

As described above, there are two principal methods for making foamusing a syringe: the first in which the syringe is provided with anadditional plunger for foaming the liquid and gas mix, and the second inwhich a further syringe is attached and the gas and liquid pumpedbetween the syringes.

According to the invention, a syringe of the first type may be provided,charged with appropriate amounts of liquid and physiological gas andpackaged and/or treated as described above.

Also according to the invention, a conventional syringe may be provided,charged with appropriate amounts of liquid and physiological gas andpackaged and/or treated as described above. A pack containing two suchsyringes could be provided, optionally also with a connector having anarrow bore or mesh. The two syringes and connector may be in a kit formor may be assembled with the luer nozzles of the syringes mountedtogether by means of the connector.

A difficulty arises in sterilising the products described above. If thesyringe is made from conventional plastics, whether coated or not, itmay be unsuitable for sterilisation by autoclaving. This leaves gammasterilisation as the main alternative, but the liquid with which thesyringe is charged may not compatible with gamma sterilisationtechniques. This is the case if the liquid is polidocanol solution,which is the preferred chemical for sclerosis of varicose veins.

Two alternative solutions to this problem have been devised. The firstis to provide polidocanol, or another active, in a lyophilised or freezedried form which is compatible with gamma sterilisation. In this case,preferably the lyophilised active would be provided in one syringe andsterile solvent, e.g. water or saline, in another. The physiological gasor gas mixture may be provided in either syringe; clearly the syringewith the physiological gas is preferably packaged or treated/coated asdescribed above, though both syringes and optionally a connector asdescribed above may be incorporated into the same pack. This pack maythen be subjected to a gamma sterilisation process. In use, the twosyringes are connected together and the contents passed rapidly betweenthem. During this process the lyophilised active is reconstituted in thesterile water or saline and then a foam formed with the physiologicalgas.

The second solution is to manufacture the syringe pack using knownaseptic techniques.

To avoid contamination, the pack contents may be at slightly aboveatmospheric pressure. This may be achieved by manufacturing the pack atan ambient temperature below standard room temperature. Once the packenters normal ambient surroundings, the temperature increase of theatmosphere inside the pack will ensure a slight overpressure.

Very recently, a machine has been made available which is designed toreceive two syringes and apply a given number of pumps at a given rateto achieve a roughly consistent product. The machine is called“Turbofoam”® but the inventors are not at present aware who is marketingthe machine. Two syringes loaded into the machine (one of which isloaded with sclerosant solution and the other of which contains air).When activated, the machine automatically cycles the syringes until afoam of the desired properties is made. Clearly, this arrangementaddresses at least the issues of reproducibility of the foam as regardsthe number and speed of cycles. However, it does not address sterilityor the loading of the syringes with the correct quantities of gas andliquid.

A pre-packed syringe or other vessel, as described above, couldconstitute a cartridge for a foam generating machine similar to the“Turbofoam”® machine. This would solve the problems described abovewhich the machine at the moment does not address (as well as of courseproviding for a more appropriate gas composition for the foam). Thus,according to another aspect of the invention, a cartridge for a machinefor generating a clinical foam is provided, comprising a sterile packenclosing a syringe or other vessel charged with a liquid active and agas other than air. The preferable features described earlier also applyto this aspect.

Further features and advantages will become apparent from the followingdescription of five embodiments of the invention, which is made withreference to the accompanying drawings, in which:—

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a first embodiment of the invention withseparated components;

FIG. 2 is a perspective sectional view of the apparatus of FIG. 1 withthe components assembled;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view from a different angle of two components ofthe apparatus of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a perspective sectional view of a second embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 5 is a perspective sectional view of a third embodiment of theinvention; and

FIG. 6 is a schematic side sectional view of a fifth embodiment of theinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to FIG. 1, a system for dispensing a liquid sclerosant andcarbon dioxide gas into a syringe in predetermined quantities is shown.A vial 1 contains a measured volume of a 1% solution of polidocanol (acommon sclerosant used in the treatment of varicose veins), in anatmosphere of pressurised carbon dioxide at a purity level of 99.5%.

The vial 1 has a neck region 2 to which is fitted with a resilientseptum-type seal 3 of chlorobutyl or bromobutyl rubber material, underradial compression.

A fluid transfer device 20 of overall cylindrical shape has opposedfirst and second open ends 21, 22, the first end 21 being designed tofit over the neck 2 and seal 3 of the vial 1. Housed within the transferdevice 20 is a hollow needle 23 adapted to puncture the seal 3 when thedevice is fitted to the vial 1. The tip of the needle 23 is recessedwithin the transfer device, set back from the first open end 21.

A syringe connector device 50 is adapted to fit into the second open end22 of the transfer device 20. The connector device 50 comprises firstand second female luer lock connections 51,52 on respective sides of acentral housing 53 which is provided with locking formations 54 designedto interface with corresponding locking formations on the interior wallof the transfer device 20. The locking formations on the connector 50comprise L shaped grooves with a longer leg 54A oriented axially and ashorter transverse leg 54B. The complementary locking formations 24 onthe interior wall of the transfer device 20 can be seen partly in FIG. 2and partly in FIG. 3. These formations comprise L shaped lands having alonger leg 24A and a shorter leg 24B. The formations 24, 54 are designedsuch that the connector device 50 may be slid into place in the transferdevice 20 and then rotated slightly about the overall axis of the systemso that the shorter legs 24B, 54B of the locking formations interengageto lock the connector device 50 in place. A similar action in theopposite sense will unlock the connector device 50 and allow it to beremoved from the transfer device 20. Both devices are moulded from aplastics material which will exhibit a degree of resilience, and theformations are dimensioned to allow for a slight interference as theshort legs of the Ls engage. In practice, it is intended that theconnector 50 and transfer device 20 would be supplied to the userready-assembled.

Referring now to FIG. 2, the device can be seen in its assembled statewith the needle 23 passing through the septum seal 3 of the vial 1. Theseptum 3 of the vial is relatively thick, of the order of 5 mm; thereason for this will be explained later.

The internal structure of the transfer device 20 and the connector 50can be seen in FIG. 2. The transfer device is provided with attachmentformations 25 on its interior surface, around the perimeter of the firstopen end. These formations 25 are barb-shaped in cross section and arearranged to snap over the mouth of the vial 1 and engage with the neckregion 2 to attach the transfer device to the vial.

At approximately the middle of the transfer device is an internaltransverse web 26 which supports a needle housing 27 in which the needle23 is received. On the opposite side of the needle housing is a maleluer connector formation 28, whose internal bore 29 is in communicationwith the bore of the hollow needle 23. In the assembled state, as shownin FIG. 2, the first female luer lock formation 51 of the connectordevice engages with the male luer formation 28 of the transfer device.

The connector device 50, as can be seen best in FIG. 2, is manufacturedas two moulded plastics halves 50A, 50B which are ultrasound weldedtogether. Each half 50A,B is formed with a bore 56A,B respectivelycommunicating with the respective luer lock formation 51,52 on eachmoulding. Each moulding is formed with a recess on its side opposite itsluer connector, such that when the halves 50A,B are secured together acavity 57 is formed. Secured in place between the two mouldings 50A,B isa nylon mesh 55 which divides the cavity such that the only means ofcommunication between the luer connectors 51,52 is via the pores of themesh 55. The mesh has small pores of 5 micron maximum dimension. In amodification, a number of meshes, e.g. 3 or 4, could be used to improvefoam homogeneity and/or reduce the number of strokes needed.

In use, as discussed above, these units would be supplied with the fluidtransfer device 20 and the syringe connector device 50 already assembledand locked into place. The vial 1 would be supplied separate, thoughnormally as part of a kit with the connector & transfer devices and witha pair of 20 ml syringes. The syringes are not illustrated in connectionwith this embodiment, but are standard plastics material 20 ml syringesequipped with luer lock nozzles.

The user first takes a 20 ml syringe and fits the luer nozzle to theexposed female luer lock formation 52 of the connector device 50,ensuring first that the plunger of the syringe is fully depressed. Thevial 1 is then held with its neck and septum pointing downwards and theneedle end of the transfer device 20 pushed over the neck 2 of the vialso that the barbed attachment formations 25 engage the vial 1 and retainthe transfer and connector devices in place whilst the needle 23 piercesthe septum 3 so that its open tip protrudes just beyond the interiorsurface of the septum 3.

As previously discussed, the vial contents are pressurised. On invertingthe vial, the liquid contents (1% polidocanol solution) will occupy aregion adjacent the septum whilst the remaining space inside the vialwill be occupied by pressurised carbon dioxide. As soon as the needlepunctures the septum, the polidocanol solution will be forced underpressure through the needle, then through the male luer connector 28 ofthe needle housing 27, female luer 51 of the connector 50, mesh 55, andthen out of the connector 50 and into the syringe (not shown). Once allthe liquid has been transferred (a small volume may remain at a lowerlevel than the aperture in the tip of the needle 23), the pressure ofthe carbon dioxide in the vial will force carbon dioxide gas into thesyringe until the pressures in the vial and syringe are substantiallyequalised. It is possible, because of the resistance offered by theplunger of the syringe, that the user will need to manually ease theplunger back to a predetermined point on the syringe scale; however, thevial is charged with carbon dioxide at a pressure designed to equalisewhen precisely the desired volumes of liquid and gas have beentransferred to the syringe, so at most only a minimal amount ofintervention by the user is required in this respect. The volume ofliquid with which the vial is charged will take into account theresidual volume of liquid which will remain in the vial “below” the openneedle tip after transfer of fluid to the syringe.

The user should of course double check that the amount of liquid andgas, measured against the scale on the syringe, appears to be correct,before proceeding further.

The next step in the procedure is to detach the connector device andsyringe. The user twists the assembled connector device and syringe,taking care not to release the luer connection between the two, so thatthe locking formations 24, 54 on the transfer device and connectordevice disengage. The user then removes the connector device, exposingthe luer lock connector on the other side. The user then fits a further20 ml luer lock syringe to the connector device 50, ensuring that theplunger of the second syringe is fully depressed before it is connected.The two syringes are then oscillated such that the gas and liquid pass anumber of times back and forth through the connector device 50 andthrough the mesh 55 in the connector device. This step may be donemanually or, preferably, is done by inserting the syringe pair into asimple desktop device such the “Turbofoam”® device described above whichwill automatically oscillate the syringes at a predetermined speed andfor a predetermined number of cycles.

The first embodiment uses a modified version of what is popularly knownas the “Tessari” method for generating foam, namely connecting twosyringes containing air and sclerosant and passing the contents back andforth vigorously until a foam of appropriate characteristics is made.The first embodiment differs from this of course in that it involves apressurised vial of sclerosant and gas as the source for the foamconstituents. When a highly soluble gas such as carbon dioxide is used(because of its superior safety profile compared to air) this can makethe foam more difficult to create since the solubility of the gas tendsto break the foam down. For this reason a fine mesh is used rather thana simple connector between the syringes, and this mesh is convenientlyincorporated into the connector device 50.

However, the mesh is not essential, and in a modification of the firstembodiment, the mesh is omitted. In every other respect the systemremains the same. More vigorous cycling of the gas and liquid isrequired to make the foam, and the foam may not endure as long as a foammade using the mesh. In a second modification of the first embodiment,baffles or one or more flow restrictions are provided in the connectordevice, in order to make the gas and liquid flow past edges in order toreduce the average bubble size. Providing projections at right angles tothe flow direction will achieve this. Alternatively, the gas and liquidcould be forced through one or more small passages (e.g. of the order of0.1 to 1.0 mm diameter or maximum dimension). The exact structure is notcritical. This modification has the advantage of making the passage offoam and gas through the connector device a lot easier than when a meshis used, due to the larger open area, whilst also providing moredisruption to the gas and liquid as it passes than is provided when themesh is removed and replaced with nothing. More disruption, especiallycausing the gas/liquid mix to shear as it passes sharp edges in the flowpath, leads to a finer foam being formed more quickly.

1% polidocanol solution is used in the first embodiment, but it will beappreciated by those of ordinary skill in this art that there are anumber of sclerosing agents which is perform well in the treatment ofvaricose veins. The most common alternative to polidocanol is sodiumtetradecyl sulphate.

In further modifications of the first embodiment, the carbon dioxide gascould be replaced with another appropriate gas which is dissolved in orabsorbed by blood or is harmlessly absorbed by the body in some otherway. Examples include oxygen, nitrous oxide, helium, neon, xenon. Carbondioxide, oxygen or a mixture of the two are preferred. Oxygen, althoughnot very soluble, is taken up rapidly by haemoglobin in venous blood andis therefore suitable for use in a foam for injection into varicoseveins. Because of its insolubility in water, foams made with oxygen lastlonger than foams made with carbon dioxide and it is easier to make afine bubble microfoam with oxygen or another relatively insoluble gas(such as helium or xenon). If oxygen is used instead of carbon dioxide,there is less need for a mesh in the connector device 50.

In a final modification of the first embodiment, a viscosity enhancermay be added to the liquid to increase the lifetime of the foam. Thismay be particularly useful when a highly soluble gas such as carbondioxide or a mixture containing a high proportion of carbon dioxide isused. One possible viscosity enhancer is glycerol, which may formbetween 5 and 50 percent of the volume of the solution, or morepreferably between 20 and 40 percent.

The first embodiment, and its various modified versions, may be used ina different method for making foam. It is known to create a foam byattaching a syringe to a vial containing a sclerosing agent and air andthen “pumping” the contents of the vial between the syringe and vial byoscillating the plunger of the syringe (“the vial method”). The methodis similar in many ways to the so-called “Tessari” method involving twosyringes. It will be apparent that the first embodiment and its modifiedversions described above may all be used in this manner if desired. Ifthis is to be done, the second syringe is dispensed with. The procedurefor filling the first syringe is followed as described above, but thenthe syringe connector 50 is not detached. Instead, the plunger of thesyringe is pumped back and forth whilst holding the vial upside down,until an acceptable foam is formed. The syringe is then detached fromthe connector and the foam used.

The “vial method” as described may also be suitable for automating usinga machine similar to the “Turbofoam” machine described above.

Of course, if the vial technique is to be used, much of the structure inthe first embodiment becomes redundant, specifically the removableconnector 50 and the features on the transfer device 20 designed toengage with it. All that is required is a transfer device having aneedle and means for fastening to the vial on one end, and a female luerlock connector on the other end.

It would in theory be possible to carry out this method by simplyfitting a syringe with a needle, inserting the needle directly into thevial described above and pumping. A difficulty with this approach is ofcourse that the depth to which the needle penetrates the interior of thevial will determine how much liquid is transferred, and this will bevariable unless the user follows a very well defined protocol. For thisreason, it is preferred to have a transfer device which is specificallydesigned to fit the vial such that the needle penetrates the vial to apredetermined extent.

A second embodiment in accordance with the invention is illustrated inFIG. 4. Where the parts are the same as in the first embodiment, thesame reference numerals will be used to designate those parts.

The second embodiment is designed to be used with a “double piston” typesyringe which will be described below. Once such a syringe is chargedwith gas and liquid, a second plunger in the syringe is oscillated tomake foam; all that is required is that the nozzle of the syringe besealed.

A vial 1 is provided having exactly the same features as that of thefirst embodiment. A transfer device 120 is shown mounted on the vial.The transfer device is of overall cylindrical shape and is attached tothe vial 1 by means of barbed attachment formations 125 which engage theneck region 2 of the vial 1, as for the first embodiment. The reminderof the transfer device, however, is different from the first embodimentand comprises simply a series of axial grooves 129 in the interior wall.

A syringe connector device 150 is received in the transfer device 120.The syringe connector device 150 is formed with axial lands (not shown)complementary to the grooves 129 of the transfer device, which permitaxial sliding of the syringe connector device 150 in the transfer device120. Cooperating formations (not shown) on the syringe connector andtransfer devices prevent the syringe connector from being removed fromthe transfer device 120. In an alternative construction, theseformations are frangible in order to permit deliberate removal of thesyringe connector, whilst preventing its inadvertent removal.

The syringe connector is made in two halves 150A and 150B, the secondhalf 150B being formed with a female luer lock connector 152 leading toa chamber 157 which in turn communicates with a bore 156 leading to thehollow bore of a needle 158 which is moulded in a boss 159 extendingfrom the first connector half 150A. Inside the chamber 157 is a valvesystem shown generally at 170 which will be described in detail below.The needle is enclosed in an elastomeric sheath 160 which is mounted ina sealing fashion on the boss 159.

The needle sheath 160 and the valve system 170 both perform the functionof sealing a syringe which is attached to the luer connector 152 of thesyringe connector device (see description of method below). In thesecond embodiment, both are provided but in fact either of these meansfor sealing the syringe could be removed and the device would stillwork.

The valve system 170 has some similarities to a valve system describedin co-pending application number PCT/GB04/003864, the contents of whichare incorporated herein by reference. A flat elastomeric disc 171 restson an annular ridge 172 in the chamber 157. The ridge 172 surrounds thebore 156 so that the elastomeric disc, in its undeformed state, sealsthe bore 156. Supported centrally in the chamber 157 by means of webs(not shown) is a disc support member 173. Extending from one side of thesupport member 173 is a relatively small diameter tapered spigot 174which contacts the surface of the elastomeric disc 171. Mounted on theopposite side of the support member 173 is an elastomeric seal 175 inthe shape of a hemisphere with a small flange, the flange being themeans by which the seal is attached to the support member 173. The seal175 has a small slit 177 in its apex, and is in contact with arelatively small diameter annular ridge 176 around the entrance to theluer connector 152, which ridge also encircles the slit 177. Thehemispherical seal 175 defines with the support member 173 a cavity 178.

In use, the vial 1, transfer device 120 and syringe connector 150 aresupplied pre-assembled. This assembly is supplied together with a doublepiston syringe (not shown) of a type known in the art, comprising aconventional barrel and plunger together with a further plunger coaxialwith the first and operable independently of it. The face of the secondplunger is perforated, and in use the second plunger is cycled back andforth within the syringe barrel to agitate the contents and create afoam. Once the foam is created, the first plunger is used to dispenseit, as with a normal syringe.

The dual plunger syringe, which is fitted with a luer lock nozzle, isattached to the female luer lock connector making sure that bothplungers are depressed fully before attachment. The assembly is thenoriented so that the vial is upside down, i.e. with its neck and septumseal pointing downwards, so that the liquid in the vial accumulatesadjacent the septum 3. The syringe and the syringe connector 150 arethen advanced towards the vial 1, the syringe connector sliding in thetransfer device 120 and the needle sheath 160 being pushed back as theneedle 158 punctures first the sheath 160 and then the septum 3 of thevial 1. The syringe connector 150 and needle 158 are advanced as far asthey will go until either the syringe abuts the end of the transferdevice 120 or the boss 159 abuts the septum 3. The penetration depth ofthe needle into the vial is thus predetermined.

Polidocanol solution (or other sclerosing agent) is then transferredinto the syringe via the needle and (if present) the valve system 170,followed by the carbon dioxide (or other gas), as with the firstembodiment. The syringe and syringe connector 150 are then retracted sothat the needle is no longer inserted into the vial 1. At this point theneedle sheath 160 re-seals around the needle. The next phase of theoperation may be done with the vial still attached (this is safer inview of the needle 158) or, if the design allows it (see above), thesyringe connector is removed, along with the syringe, from the device120, by breaking frangible components which normally retain the syringeconnector 150 in the transfer device 120.

The dual plunger syringe is then manipulated as described above and asis known in the art to produce a suitable foam for sclerotherapy.Whether or not the syringe connector 150 has been removed, the syringeis sealed both by the needle sheath 160 and by the valve system 170. Asdiscussed above, either of these would do the job and therefore they canbe seen as alternatives. After the foam has been created, the syringe isdisconnected from the female luer 152 on the connector device and thefoam is then ready to be dispensed.

The valve system 170 works in the following way. When the needle 158enters the vial 1, the elastomeric disc 171 is exposed to the relativelyhigh pressure from the vial. The edges of the disc 171 are free todeform away from the annular seat 172 to allow fluid to pass. Thechamber 157 is then at “vial pressure”. Since the pressure in thechamber 157 is greater than the pressure in the cavity 178 defined bythe hemispherical seal 175 and support member 173, the seal 175 willdeform. This deformation will allow fluid to pass under the annularridge 176 and thence to the luer connector 152 and into the syringe.

Once the syringe is filled, the requirement is that the syringe nozzleis sealed whether the pressure is positive or negative on the syringeside of the seal. If the pressure in the syringe is lower, then the seal175 will be pressed against the annular ridge 176 by the higher pressurein the cavity 178, thereby preventing egress of fluid from the syringe.If the pressure in the syringe is greater, then fluid in the syringe maybe able to pass the hemispherical seal as the seal deforms, but theoverpressure in the chamber 157 will press the flat disc seal 171against the annular ridge 172, preventing fluid from passing down thebore 156.

The modifications of the first embodiment concerning the vial contentsapply equally to the second embodiment.

A third embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 5. This embodimentis in many respects similar to the first. A syringe connector device 250has all the features of the syringe connector 50 of the firstembodiment, except that instead of having locking formations on itsouter surface, it is instead connected via a frangible region 254 to amounting sleeve 220. Thus the connector device is formed in two halvesas shown and provided with first and second luer connectors 251, 252 onrespective halves of the device. A 5 micron mesh 255 is sandwichedbetween the two device halves.

The mounting sleeve 220 is a generally cylindrical member with an endplate 221 in which the connector device 250 is mounted by means of thefrangible connections 254. The other end of the sleeve 220 is open, andthe end of the cylindrical wall is formed with barbed connectorformations 225 on the exterior surface. The formations 225 are designedto engage with a metal vial or canister which is provided with a stemvalve such as is standard in the field of aerosol canisters. In FIG. 5,the protruding stem of the stem valve is shown at 203. It is formed as amale luer so that it may seal with the female luer 251 of the connectordevice as shown.

The mounting sleeve and connector assembly are supplied ready-mounted ona canister-type vial (not shown) such that the barbed formations 220,whilst preventing removal of the sleeve 220, allow the assembly to bedepressed towards the canister so as to depress the stem 203 and therebyopen the canister valve. Once the valve is open, the operation isessentially the same as for the first embodiment. The syringe is filledwith the correct volumes of gas and liquid, and then the syringe andconnector are twisted to break the frangible connection 254. The syringeand connector are then removed from the sleeve 220 and a second syringeattached to the now exposed female luer 251. Foam is then generated aspreviously described.

As with the first embodiment, the third embodiment may be modified byreplacing the mesh 255 with other structures as described above, and thecontents of the canister may also be varied as described above.

In a fourth embodiment, which is not illustrated, the valve system 170of the second embodiment is incorporated into the connector device ofthe third embodiment in place of the mesh 255. In this way, the thirdembodiment may be adapted for use with a double plunger type syringe asdescribed above.

A fifth embodiment of the invention is illustrated schematically in FIG.6. Two 20 ml syringes 301, 302 are supplied, connected together by meansof a standard syringe connector 303 having a bore 304 of cross sectionapproximately 1 mm. The first syringe 301 contains 8 ml of substantiallypure carbon dioxide whilst the second contains 2 ml of 1% polidocanolsolution. The syringes are enclosed in a pouch 305 of metallisedplastics laminate, in an atmosphere of substantially pure carbon dioxideat a pressure of 1.1 bar absolute (i.e. 0.1 bar over atmospheric).

To use the fifth embodiment, the user simply breaks open the package andpumps the syringes to produce foam (either manually or using a machineas described above).

In a modified version of the fifth embodiment, the twin syringes arereplaced with a double plunger syringe of the type described above,charged with the same quantities of carbon dioxide and 1% polidocanolsolution.

The syringes are pre-filled with appropriate volumes of carbon dioxideor other gas as described above, in a sterile hermetic pack. The pack isgas-tight and the syringes are in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide.

What is claimed is:
 1. A vessel having sterile contents, the contentsbeing predetermined proportions of: a first phase comprising a foamablesclerosant liquid solution, and a second phase in contact with the firstphase comprising a gas mixture consisting essentially of oxygen andcarbon dioxide pressurized at a pressure above atmospheric pressure, thevessel having a resilient closure, which is pierceable by a hollowhypodermic needle, and which forms a seal around the needle when it ispierced, and wherein the vessel is configured for transfer of thesterile contents from the vessel to the syringe through the hypodermicneedle inserted through the resilient, pierceable closure and into thefoamable sclerosant liquid solution, wherein the pressure of the gasmixture in the vessel is selected such that, upon piercing of theresilient closure by the hollow hypodermic needle and passage of theneedle into the foamable liquid the pressurized gas mixture forces avolume of the foamable sclerosant liquid solution into the syringe,followed by the passage of a volume of the pressurized gas mixture intothe syringe after the needle passes beyond the foamable sclerosantliquid solution in the vessel to thereby form a precursor for a foam;and wherein the pressure of the gas mixture in the vessel is selectedsuch that pressures in the vessel and syringe equalize once apredetermined volume of the foamable sclerosant liquid solution and apredetermined volume of the pressurized gas mixture have beentransferred to the syringe.
 2. The vessel as claimed in claim 1, whereinthe closure is a rubber septum.
 3. The vessel as claimed in claim 2,wherein the rubber septum has a thickness of between 2 and 10 mm.
 4. Thevessel as claimed in claim 2, wherein the rubber septum comprises achlorobutyl or bromobutyl rubber material.
 5. The vessel as claimed inclaim 1, wherein the contents of the vessel are at a pressure of 1.3bara or more and less than 10 bara.
 6. The vessel as claimed in claim 1,wherein the foamable sclerosant liquid solution is a solution ofpolidocanol.
 7. The vessel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the foamablesclerosant liquid solution is a 1% (vol/vol) solution of polidocanol. 8.The vessel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ratio of liquid solutionto gas mixture is in the range of 0.05 g/ml to 0.25 g/ml.
 9. The vesselas claimed in claim 1, wherein the ratio of liquid solution to gasmixture is in the range of 0.07 g/ml to 0.2 g/ml.
 10. The vessel asclaimed in claim 1, wherein the ratio of liquid solution to gas mixtureis in the range of 0.1 g/ml to 0.16 g/ml.